Advances in biodegradation of polyolefin plastics / 生物工程学报

Polyolefin plastics are a group of polymers with C-C backbone that have been widely used in various areas of daily life. Due to their stable chemical properties and poor biodegradability, polyolefin plastic waste continues to accumulate worldwide, causing serious environmental pollution and ecological crises. In recent years, biological degradation of polyolefin plastics has attracted considerable attention. The abundant microbial resources in the nature offer the possibility of biodegradation of polyolefin plastic waste, and microorganisms capable of degrading polyolefin have been reported. This review summarizes the research progress on the biodegradation microbial resources and the biodegradation mechanisms of polyolefin plastics, presents the current challenges in the biodegradation of polyolefin plastics, and provides an outlook on future research directions.

Exploring organic chemistry case teaching infiltrated with environmental protection and safety awareness education / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Organic chemistry is an important foundation course for medicine, chemistry and other majors in universities and colleges. In this study, combined with the characteristics of pharmacy students in local colleges and universities, teachers introduced case teaching, enhanced curriculum connotation, and explored the integration of green chemistry concepts into the teaching process of organic chemistry, so as to cultivate pharmaceutical professionals with environmental protection concept and safety awareness. The practice shows that this teaching model not only improves students' attention to organic chemistry and learning efficiency, but also improves students' comprehensive quality.

Environmental scientists & microbiologists from China & EU: take the responsibility to cherish the Earth homeland / 生物工程学报

Humanity shares the common interest to protect the environment and to maintain a healthy global ecosystem. International collaboration is key in this context, to advance the necessary science and technology. The National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and European Commission (EC) have agreed to collaborate in innovative knowledge and technology in the field of bioremediation of polluted environments and biodegradation of plastics. In this context, projects on bioremediation of soils, wastewater and sediment matrices and on microbial degradation of plastics were supported. This special issue aimed to introduce these projects and their progresses in the related fields. In total, 23 papers have been collected in this issue, covering both fundamental and applied researches.

Text Analysis of Enterprise Social Responsibility Report of Pharmaceutic al Industry in China ：Taking Listed Com- panies as an Example / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for pharmaceutical enterprises to better fulfill their social responsibilities . METHODS：Taking the pharmaceutical enterprises listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets as the research objects ，the social responsibility texts and environmental protection texts of the included enterprises from 2017 to 2019 were classified and analyzed according to the three dimensions of time ，ownership and drug production type by using ROST Content Mining 6.0 software. The semantic network and node centrality were analyzed. RESULTS ：From the social responsibility texts of the included enterprises，it could be seen that from the perspective of time dimension ，the included enterprises paid more attention to “employees”，“social responsibility ”and“development”in 2017-2019，and the high-frequency words in the three years were relatively stable. From the perspective of ownership ，state-owned holding enterprises paid more attention to “development”and “targeted poverty reduction ”，while private holding enterprises paid more attention to “employees”，and collective holding enterprises paid more attention to “social responsibility ”. From the perspective of drug production type ，the word frequency of “targeted poverty reduction ”of TCM pharmaceutical enterprises was higher. From the environmental protection texts of the included enterprises，it could be seen that from the time dimension ，the included enterprises paid more and more attention to environmental protection in recent years ，and the description of environmental protection in the texts was more detailed. From the perspective of ownership，private holding enterprises paid more attention to environmental protection than collective holding enterprises and state-owned enterprises. From the perspective of drug production type ，due to the different types of drugs ，chemical drugs ，TCM， biological drugs and active pharmaceutical ingredients enterprises had their own characteristics in pollutants and their treatment processes. The results of semantic network and node centrality analysis showed that ，“development”，“protection” and “targeted poverty reduction ”were three high-frequency words with high centrality in the semantic analysis network of social responsibility text ，the middle centrality was 5.555，1.695，1.521 respectively；“emission”and“testing”were two key words with high centrality in the semantic analysis network of environmental protection texts ，the middle centrality was 3.856， 1.914 respectively，which further reflected that the included enterprises paid more attention to the above issues in terms of social responsibility performance and environmental protection. CONCLUSIONS ：The listed pharmaceutical enterprises have a broad consensus on social responsibility in China ，and have well fulfilled their social responsibility ，which is well combined with the current social hot spots. For environmental protection ，as a high pollution industry ，the pharmaceutical enterprises also performs the responsibility of environmental protection.

Reproductive biology of seven fish species of commercial interest at the Ramsar site in the Baixada Maranhense, Legal Amazon, Brazil

The purpose of this study is to determine the parameters of the reproductive biology of seven commercial species at the Ramsar Site of the Baixada Maranhense to support fisheries management measures. The collections were carried out between 2012 and 2016. The reproductive period, sex ratio, weight-length relationship and first sexual maturity were evaluated for seven species of commercial importance. The sex ratio showed that females are predominant for all species, except for Plagioscion squamossissimus. The weight-length relationship indicated a greater investment in weight for Cichla monoculus and Hassar affinis, and a greater investment in length for Hoplias malabaricus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Prochilodus lacustris, Pygocentrus nattereri, and Schizodon dissimilis. The reproductive activity of the species was predominant in the rainy season, but C. monoculus, H. malabaricus and P. lacustris showed the ability to reproduce in both seasons. As management measures for the region, it is suggested a change in the closed fishing season established by IBAMA, from December 1 to April 30, to ensure the protection of all commercial species in this study.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar os parâmetros da biologia reprodutiva de sete espécies comerciais no Sítio Ramsar da Baixada Maranhense, para apoiar medidas de manejo pesqueiro. As coletas foram realizadas entre 2012 e 2016, com um ano de coleta para cada espécie. Foram avaliados o período reprodutivo, a razão sexual, a relação peso-comprimento e a primeira maturidade sexual para sete espécies de importância comercial. A razão sexual mostrou que as fêmeas são predominantes para todas as espécies, exceto para Plagioscion squamossissimus. A relação peso-comprimento indicou um maior investimento em peso para Cichla monoculus e Hassar affinis, e um maior investimento em comprimento para Hoplias malabaricus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Prochilodus lacustris, Pygocentrus nattereri e Schizodon dissimilis. A atividade reprodutiva das espécies foi predominante na estação chuvosa, mas C. monoculus, H. malabaricus e P. lacustris mostraram capacidade de se reproduzir nas duas estações. Como medidas de manejo para a região, sugere-se uma mudança do período de defeso, estabelecida pelo IBAMA, de 1 de dezembro a 30 de abril, para garantir a proteção de todas as espécies comerciais.(AU)

Gestión para la protección medioambiental en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba / Management for the environmental protection in the University of Medical Sciences in Santiago de Cuba

El papel de la universidad en la conservación del medioambiente y la protección de sus recursos naturales se expresa mediante la integración de la dimensión ambiental en el sistema educativo y se dirige a la adquisición de conocimientos, al perfeccionamiento de capacidades y a la formación de valores éticos que favorezcan un comportamiento social y profesional coherente con el desarrollo sostenible. En tal sentido, en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba se evaluó el cuidado del medioambiente aplicando la metodología establecida por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medioambiente para la obtención del reconocimiento nacional al respecto, con lo cual se evidenció un avance en la gestión de la Universidad, aunque aún existen aspectos pendientes que se han incluido en la "Estrategia de gestión ambiental" de la institución para avanzar en el desempeño de la protección medioambiental.

The role of the university in the conservation of the environment and the protection of its natural resources is expressed by means of the environmental dimension integration in the educational system and it is directed to the acquisition of knowledge, to the improvement of capacities and the training of ethical values that favor a social and professional behavior coherent with the sustainable development. In such a sense, in the University of Medical Sciences of Santiago de Cuba the care of environment was evaluated implementing the methodology established by the Ministry of Science, Technology and environment in order to obtain the national recognition in this respect, with which an advance in the management of the University was evidenced, although there are some unfinished aspects that have been included in the "Strategy of Environmental Management" of the institution to advance in the environmental protection performance.

CPHR: 35 años al Servicio de la Protección Radiológica, la Salud y el Medio Ambiente / CPHR: 35 years at the Service of Radiological Protection, Health and the Environment

Resumen El Centro de Protección e Higiene de las Radiaciones fue fundado en 1985 para sustentar la aplicación segura de las tecnologías nucleares en Cuba. En la actualidad la institución es considerada como una referencia nacional y regional en materia de seguridad radiológica, gracias a una sólida estrategia institucional que aporta de manera sostenida soluciones a problemas prioritarios del país. Este trabajo presenta una reseña de los principales resultados del centro hasta la fecha.

Abstract The Center for Radiation Protection and Hygiene was founded in 1985 to support the safe application of nuclear technologies in Cuba. Nowdays, the institution is considered as a national and regional reference for radiation protection , thanks to the comprehensive institutional strategy that support the solutions of the problems with priority in the country. The paper presents the overview about the main results of the center up today.

Formation and Development of Environmental Forensics System in China / 法医学杂志

With the growing attention on ecological environment problems and gradual realization of ecological environment value, environmental damage has jumped from administrative penalty to a new stage, judicial penalty, and environmental damage appraisal has provided a legal weapon to safeguard ecological security. As a new forensic category of China with high comprehensiveness and technical difficulty, environmental damage appraisal involves diversified and complex subjects, fields and appraisal objects, and is still in an early stage in terms of theory and practice. This study aims to provide an important reference for the improvement of the Chinese environmental damage appraisal system of environmental damage by summarizing advanced international experience in areas such as laws and regulations, working mechanism and technical system, and putting forward targeted countermeasures and suggestions based on the problems existing in the development and practice of environmental damage appraisal in China.

Estudios de contaminación ambiental en La Habana mediante técnicas nucleares y conexas / Assessment of environmental pollution in Havana city using nuclear and related techniques

RESUMEN Se resumen las diferentes experiencias en la aplicación de las técnicas nucleares y conexas en el estudio de diversos problemas ambientales de la Ciudad de La Habana. El análisis medioambiental mediante las técnicas de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica (AAN) y Gamma (AAG), Fluorescencia de Rayos X (FRX), Espectrometría por Absorción Atómica (EAA) y por Inducción de plasma acoplado (ICP), así como la Espectrometría Gamma de Bajo Fondo (EGBF), han permitido obtener información muy relevante sobre el comportamiento de los metales pesados, antibióticos y radionúclidos en los sedimentos marinos y fluviales, suelos urbanos y agrícolas, aguas, arenas de balnearios, polvos urbanos y productos de la agricultura urbana de la ciudad de La Habana.

ABSTRACT Various nuclear and related analytical techniques applied to study different environmental problems in Havana city are presented. The environmental analysis by means of Neutron and Gamma Activation analyses, X-ray Fluorescence Atomic Abortion and Induced Coupled Plasma spectroscopies and Low Background , Gamma Spectrometry, have allowed to obtain important information about the behavior of heavy metals, antibiotics and radionuclides in sediments, urban and agricultural soils, waters, beach sands, urban dusts and agricultural products farmed in the Havana city.

Fukushima: lecciones japonesas para la Salud Pública colombiana. Reporte de caso / Fukushima: japanese lessons to colombian Public Health

Resumen Introducción: Durante el 21o. Congreso Mundial de Epidemiología, organizado por la Asociación Internacional de Epidemiología (IEA) en Saitama-Japón en agosto de 2017, se aceptó invitación de los organizadores para visitar la Planta Nuclear # 1 de Fukushima. Objetivo: Explorar la situación operacional y de salud pública en el área de la prefectura de Fukushima y su planta nuclear #1, sitio afectado por el terremoto y tsunami de 2011. Métodos: Salida de inspección de campo (Inspection Tour) y encuentro con representantes de TEPCO (Tokyo Energy Power Company) en área de control; explicación didáctica de antecedentes y situación actual zonal, e instrucciones (briefing) para acceso. Visita con explicación de zonas de atención de salud y trabajos realizados. Recorrido en autobús especialmente adaptado al perímetro de cada reactor, portando dosímetro individual. Reunión final para resolución de dudas e inquietudes y lecciones del caso. Resultados: Visita y reuniones ejecutadas; exposición personal = 0,01 mSv/h. Radiación por zonas de reactor: central=230 mSv/h; paredes=40 mSv/h; planta=0,26 mSv/h, periferia=0,26 mSv/h. Zona de exclusión=20 km. Políticas de salubridad basadas en limpieza y remoción de fuentes de contaminación; aislamiento de aguas y bombeo de fuentes subterráneas; prevención y contención de escapes. Conclusión: La prevención lo es todo en asuntos industriales, sean nucleares o no; la colaboración interpersonal e interagencias es esencial en el manejo a muy largo plazo de desastres similares; debe evitarse incorporar técnicas o tecnologías industriales desconocidas o foráneas sin antes valorar su costo, alcance y posibles riesgos de salud individual, pública o medio-ambiental.

Abstract Introduction. During the 21st. International Epidemiology Association (IEA) World Congress of Epidemiology at Saitama (Japan), celebrated in August 2017, an invitation from its organizers to visit Fukushima Nuclear Plant # 1 was accepted. Objective: To explore operational and public health situation at the area of the Fukushima Prefecture and its nuclear plant #1, place affected by the 2011 earthquake and tsunami. Methods. Inspection tour and appointment with representatives of TEPCO (Tokyo Energy Power Company) at the control area; explanation on background and actual situation, and briefing before access. Guided visit to areas dedicated to healthcare and workers' attention, and work done. Tour by specially adapted autobus to the perimeter of each reactor, using individual dosimeter. Final meeting to solve questions and lessons of this case. Results. Visit and meetings were executed; individual exposure = 0,01 mSv. Radioactivity by reactor zones: central (inside) =230 mSv/h; walls =40 mSv/h; plant =0,26 mSv/h, perimeter =0,26 mSv/h. Exclusion zone =20 km. Public Health policies in place based upon cleansing and removal of sources of contamination; water isolation and subterranean sources pumping; prevention and containment of leaks. Conclusion. About industrial issues, prevention is everything, whether they be nuclear or not; interpersonal / interagencies' cooperation is paramount when dealing with similar disasters at a very long term; unknown or poorly understood industrial techniques or technologies should be avoided before a proper evaluation of their risk/benefit balance, scope and possible health risks to subjects, communities or environment.

Influencing factors on prevalence rate of drinking-water-borne dental fluorosis based on health economics / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective Based on health economics,the influencing factors on prevalence rate of drinking-water-borne dental fluorosis were studied.Methods Collect panel data on the prevalence and influencing factors of dental fluorosis in drinking water-type endemic fluorosis (referred to as fluorosis) in 26 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) from 2005 to 2015.The theoretical hypothesis model of influencing factors on the prevalence of drinking-water-borne dental fluorosis was constructed from six aspects:economic operation status (electricity consumption),urbanization status (urban population ratio),natural environmental protection (per capita public green space area),urban water supply capacity (urban water population),health expenditure,and fixed assets investment of health institutions.And then Eviews 7.2 was used for panel data regression analysis.Results From 2005 to 2015,the prevalence rate of drinking-water-borne dental fluorosis in China showed a downward trend (r =-0.881,P ＜0.05).The electricity consumption,urban population ratio,per capita public green space area,urban water population and health expenditure had significant impacts on the prevalence rate of drinking-water-borne dental fluorosis (P ＜ 0.05).In this model,per capita public green space area and urban population ratio had the greatest impacts on the prevalence of drinking-water-borne dental fluorosis (absolute value of the standard coefficient ＞ 1).Then,the absolute value of standard coefficient on urban water population was 0.750,and that of electricity consumption and health expenditure were the lowest (absolute value of the standard coefficient =0.266).Conclusion Favorable natural environment,urbanization,construction of urban water supply facilities,reasonable increase of health expenditure and sustainable development of regional economy are powerful impetus to reduce the prevalence rate of drinking-water-borne dental fluorosis and to promote public health development.

Parasitism by Nematopsis sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) in Mytella guyanensis at the Marine Extractive Reserve Baía do Iguape, Bahia, Brazil / Parasitismo por Nematopsis sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) em Mytella guyanensis na Reserva Extrativista Marinha Baía do Iguape, Bahia, Brasil

Several studies show the presence of protozoa of the genus Nematopsis Schneider, 1892, in many species of bivalves. The pathogenicity of this Apicomplexa is still much debated, which is possibly related to the parasitism degree and host habitat. In this context, this study investigated parasitism by Nematopsis sp. in Mytella guyanensis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) in a mangrove of the Marine Extractive Reserve Baía do Iguape, Bahia, Brazil. The collections were made monthly, from March 2014 to March 2015, consisting of 30 adults with shell height above 40 mm per month, totaling 360 specimens. The specimens were measured, weighed, opened, and macroscopically examined for identifying parasites and/or signs of morphological changes. After that, they were fixed in Davidson's solution and processed according to classical histological techniques, with inclusion in paraffin, obtaining 5 µm-thick sections by microtomy, and stained by Harris' Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). The water temperature ranged from 25.5 to 33.6 ºC and the salinity from 21.1 to 34.3 Practical Salinity Units (PSU). The specimens measured between 41.1 and 68.6 mm and had an average weight of 7.24 g. Macroscopically, there was no presence of the parasite or any morphological changes related its presence. The frequency percentage of Nematopsis sp. was 99.45%. The mantle was the organ with the highest frequency of infection (46.26%), followed by the gonads (18.36%). Among the analyzed organs, all presented the parasite and, in a few severely infected cases, microscopical changes were observed in the mantle conformation. The infection intensity for most of the sessions analyzed was 1 to 3 oocysts/phagocyte; however, in one of the sessions, 9 oocysts/phagocytes were recorded. The parasite had a negative correlation with salinity. The high frequency of Nematopsis sp. should be considered for the sustainability of natural stocks, especially if such parasitism occurs simultaneously with other pathogens and stressful environmental conditions.(AU)

Diversos estudos evidenciam a presença de protozoários do gênero Nematopsis Schneider, 1892 em várias espécies de bivalves. A patogenicidade desse apicomplexo ainda é bastante debatida, a qual possivelmente relaciona-se ao grau de parasitismo e habitat do hospedeiro. Nesse contexto, este estudo investigou o parasitismo por Nematopsis sp. em Mytellaguyanensis(Bivalvia: Mytilidae) em um manguezal da Reserva Extrativista Marinha Baía do Iguape, Bahia, Brasil. As coletas foram efetuadas mensalmente, de março de 2014 a março de 2015, constando 30 adultos com altura da concha acima de 40 mm, totalizando 360 espécimens. Os espécimens foram medidos, pesados, abertos e examinados macroscopicamente para a identificação de parasitos e/ou sinais de alterações morfológicas, em seguida fixados em solução de Davidson e processados segundo técnica histológica clássica, com inclusão em parafina, obtenção de cortes de 5 µm de espessura por microtomia e coloração por hematoxilina de Harris e Eosina (HE). A temperatura da água variou de 25,5 a 33,6 ºC e a salinidade de 21,1 a 34,3 Unidades Práticas de Salinidade (UPS). Os espécimens mediram entre 41,1 e 68,6 mm e tiveram um peso médio de 7,24g. Macroscopicamente, não se observou presença do parasito ou qualquer alteração morfológica relacionada à presença do mesmo. A frequência percentual de Nematopsis sp. foi de 99,45%. O manto foi o órgão de maior frequência de infecção (46,26%), seguido das gônadas (18,36%). Entre os órgãos analisados, todos apresentaram o parasito, sendo que, para poucos casos severamente infectados, observaram-se microscopicamente modificações na conformação do manto. A intensidade de infecção para a maioria das sessões analisadas foi de 1 a 3 oocistos/fagócitos, contudo em uma das sessões foram registrados 9 oocistos/fagócitos. O parasito apresentou correlação negativa com a salinidade. A elevada frequência do Nematopsis sp. deve ser levada em consideração para a sustentabilidade dos estoques naturais, principalmente se tal parasitismo ocorrer simultaneamente a outros patógenos e condições ambientais estressantes.(AU)

Reproductive cycle of Mytella guyanensis (Lamarck, 1819) in a Marine Reserve (RESEX Bay of Iguape), Bahia, Brazil / Ciclo reprodutivo de Mytella guyanensis (Lamarck, 1819) na Reserva Extrativista Marinha Baía do Iguape, Bahia, Brasil

Abstract Mytella guyanensis, consumed and commercialized in coastal regions of Brazil, is one of several bivalve species of socioeconomic interest for coastal communities. Besides serving as a source of income and subsistence for these communities, it also contributes to their food security as it is a source of proteins and micronutrients. Thus, the reproductive cycle of this species was studied aiming to contribute to food security and its preservation. Samples were collected monthly, between March 2014 and March 2015, in a natural stock (12°38'50"S; 38°51'43"W) in a Marine Reserve (RESEX Bay of Iguape) (community Engenho da Ponte), Bahia, Brazil. Mytella guyanensis is collected by women on site, where the artisanal fishing of this resource is performed without following any specific handling procedure. Also, empirical evidence indicates overexploitation. The specimens collected were measured along the anterior-posterior axis (length), and after macroscopic analysis they were fixed in Davidson solution, processed by routine histology techniques and stained with Harris haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The macroscopic analysis showed sexual dimorphism, with the male and female gonads presenting a milky-white and orange colour, respectively. A 1:1 sex ratio (M: F) was observed and reproduction of the species was continuous all year round. March, April, July and August were the months with highest values of gamete elimination. We suggest that a M. guyanensis management plan should restrict capture during these months, in order to sustainably regulate exploitation of this food resource in this reserve.

Resumo Mytella guyanensis, consumida e comercializada em regiões litorâneas do Brasil, é uma das diversas espécies de bivalves de interesse socioeconômico para comunidades litorâneas. Além de servir como fonte de renda e subsistência para essas comunidades, esta contribui para a sua segurança alimentar, por ser fonte de proteínas e micronutrientes. Assim, o ciclo reprodutivo desta espécie foi estudado visando contribuir com a segurança alimentar e a preservação da mesma. As amostragens foram realizadas mensalmente, entre março de 2014 e março de 2015 em um estoque natural (12°38'50"S e 38°51'43"W) na Reserva Extrativista Marinha Baía do Iguape (comunidade Engenho da Ponte), Bahia. Mytella guyanensis é coletada no local por mulheres, onde a pesca artesanal desse recurso é realizada sem seguir nenhum procedimento específico de manejo e evidência empírica indica sobrexplotação. Os espécimes coletados foram medidos ao longo do eixo ântero-posterior (comprimento) e após a análise macroscópica, foram fixados em solução de Davidson, processados por técnicas rotineiras de histologia e coradas em hematoxilina de Harris e eosina (HE). A análise macroscópica evidenciou dimorfismo sexual, com as gônadas de machos e fêmeas apresentando coloração branco leitosa e alaranjada, respectivamente. Uma proporção sexual (M: F) de 1:1 foi observada e a reprodução foi contínua ao longo do ano. Março, abril, julho e agosto apresentaram os maiores valores de eliminação de gametas. Sugerimos que um plano de manejo de M. guyanensis restrinja a captura deste durante esses meses, a fim de regular de forma sustentável a exploração desse recurso nesta reserva.

Radioactivity levels in foods in environmental protection area around a decommissioned uranium mine in Yunnan province / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To investigate the radioactivity levels in foods in environmental protection area around a decommissioned uranium mine in Yunnan province,in order to timely discover the release of radioactive substances and to provide accumulated baseline data.Methods Radioactivity levels in grains,vegetables and fresh tea at 20 sampling points were measured in the environmental protection area within 3 km of a decommissioned the uranium mine.After field pretreatment and laboratory preparation,the radionuclides in samples were analyzed by means of γ spectrometry.Results Radionuclides in foods in the area mainly include natural radionuclides (238 U,232Th,226Ra,40 K) and man-made radionuclide (137 Cs).Radioactivity level of 238U,232Th,226Ra and 40K was (0.17 ± 0.05),(0.25 ± 0.17),(0.43 ±0.28)and (103.49 ±25.10)Bq/kg(fresh weight),respectively.Radioactivity levels of 232Th,226Ra,40K and 137Cs in fresh tea were all higher than those in grains and vegetables.Conclusions Radioactivity levels in foods around the area are lower than the relevant national limits.No man-made radionuclide other than 137Cs was found in the area.

Comunidad de la localidad de Sumapaz: una experiencia comunitaria en la preservación del páramo como recurso de uso común en el corregimiento de San Juan de Sumapaz / Communities at locality of Sumapaz: A community experience to preserve the moorland as Common Pool Resource at the municipality of San Juan de Sumapaz / Comunidade de Sumapaz: uma experiência comunitária na preservação do Páramo como recurso de uso comum em San Juan de Sumapaz

Objetivo. Presentar las acciones comunitarias que se han implementado en la preservación del Páramo de Sumapaz y los recursos que se obtienen de él: el agua, la flora, la fauna. Se resalta la importancia de estas acciones, no solo relevantes para la Salud Pública de la comunidad que habita la zona del páramo, sino también para aquellos que se abastecen de sus recursos de una u otra forma. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo con una muestra de tres líderes comunitarios del corregimiento de San Juán de Sumapaz. Se aplicaron entrevistas estructuradas para indagar sobre los principios de diseño característicos de instituciones de larga duración de los Recursos de Uso Común (RUC) propuesto por Elinor Ostrom. Se analiza la información y se exponen las evidencias encontradas en las entrevistas realizadas a líderes comunitarios, sobre las acciones que la comunidad y sus organizaciones han tenido en cuenta para no sobreexplotar los recursos (fauna y flora del Páramo de Sumapaz). Resultados. Se encuentran las similitudes que existen entre las estructuras organizacionales de los casos presentados por Ostrom en su libro y las estrategias que han implementado los pobladores del Páramo de Sumapaz para no hacer una sobreexplotación de los RUC. Se destaca los procesos de autoorganización realizados por las comunidades del páramo para evitar que agentes externos los utilicen de forma inadecuada; recordando la im-portancia del frágil ecosistema de páramo, el daño ambiental y consecuencias en la Salud Pública que pueden generarse al intervenir un espacio vital.

Objective: To present community actions implemented in the preservation of the moorland at Sumapaz and its resources. The importance of such actions is highlighted not only for the purposes of Public Health but also for the community inhabiting the moorland vicinity and people who procure resources from the said area Tools and Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted. The sample was comprised of three community leaders from the municipality of San Juan de Sumapaz. Structured interviews were carried out, inquiring on Elinor Ostrom ́s approach to design principles of stable local common pool resource management. Gathered information is analyzed and the evidence from the interviews regarding community actions to avoid overexploitation of the resources is presented. Results: Commonalities amongst organizational structures presented in E. Ostrom ́s work and the implemented strategies by inhabitants of the moorland at Sumapaz are drawn. Self-organized governance systems are emphasized to avoid resou-rce overexploitation

Objetivo: Apresentar as ações comunitárias que tem sido realizadas na preservação do Páramo de Sumapaz, sua agua, flora e fauna. Estas ações são relevantes para a Saúde Pública da comunidade que mora no Páramo, mas também para a cidade capital.Materiais e Métodos: estudo qualitativo cuja amostra são três líderes comunitários de San Juan de Sumapaz. Entrevistas foram realizadas para aprofundar em aspectos das instituições de longa duração dos Recursos de Uso comum (RUC) proposto por Elinor Ostrom. Analisa-se informação e mostra-se evidencia a respeito de essas ações que a comunidade e suas organizações tem realizado para não sobre explorar os recursos do páramo. Resultados: Tem semelhanças entre as estruturas organizacionais dos casos apresentados por Ostrom no seu libro e as estratégias práticas dos moradores do Páramo do Sumapaz para proteger os recursos naturais. A auto-organização das comunidades evita que agentes externos ao território abuse dos recursos

Estado del conocimiento y amenazas de la tortuga sabanera ( Podocnemis vogli, Podocnemididae) en Colombia / Knowledge and threat status of savanna side-necked turtle (Podocnemis vogli, Podocnemididae) in Colombia / Estado do conhecimento e ameaças da tartaruga da savana (Podocnemis vogli, Podocnemididae) na Colômbia

Resumen Podocnemis vogli (Podocnemididae) es una especie de tortuga dulceacuícola, que se distribuye en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia y en Venezuela. Esta especie habita cuerpos de agua lenticos de las sabanas y tieneuna dieta principalmente herbívora; durante su ciclo de vida las hembras se desplazan a tierra firme para anidar en época seca. En este periodo de su vida, las hembras son capturadas por los pobladores de la región para consumir su carne y huevos, realizando una explotación cuya magnitud se desconoce. Además del impacto directo a las poblaciones, los cambios en el uso del suelo han generado la destrucción del hábitat de P. vogli. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el estado actual del conocimiento y amenaza de P. vogli en Colombia, con el fin de estimular su estudio y el establecimiento de medidas para su preservación. La información disponible en las bases de datos académicas muestra que existe un gran vacío en el conocimiento ecológico y genético de P. vogli y que es urgente establecer medidas tendientes a su protección para reducir su probabilidad de extinción.

Abstract Podocnemis vogli (Podocnemidae) is a freshwater turtle species, distributed in the Eastern Llanos of Colombia and Venezuela. Inhabits lentic water bodies of the savanna and has a mainly herbivorous diet, during its life cycle, the females move to mainland for nesting in dry season. Currently, females of this species are hunted for their meat and eggs for the local settlers, in an unknown quantity. Besides the direct impact on populations, changes in land use have led to the destruction of the P. vogli habitat. The aim of this paper is analyze the current state of knowledge and threats of P. vogli in Colombia, in order to encourage the study and the establishment of measures for preservation. The information available in academic presendatabases shows that exist a large gap between the ecological and genetic knowledge of P. vogli, and is imperative establish measures for their protection in order to reduce their probability of extinction.

Resumo Podocnemis vogli (Podocnemidae) é uma espécie de tartaruga de água-doce, que distribui-se nas savanas orientais da Colômbia e na Venezuela. Habita corpos d'água lênticos e tem uma dieta principalmente herbívora. Durante seu ciclo de vida as fêmeas migram para terra firme onde fazem seus ninhos na época da seca. As fêmeas são caçadas pelos moradores da região por conta de sua carne e ovos, fazendo uma exploração cuja magnitude é desconhecida. Além do impacto direto nas populações, as mudanças no uso da terra têm levado à destruição do habitat de P. vogli. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o estado atual do conhecimento e ameaça da P. vogli na Colômbia, a fim de incentivar o estudo e estabelecimento de medidas para sua preservação. As informações disponíveis nas bases de dados acadêmicas mostram que há uma grande lacuna no conhecimento ecológico e genético de P. vogli e é urgente o estabelecimento de medidas para a sua proteção visando reduzir sua probabilidade de extinção.

Reproductive cycle of Mytella guyanensis (Lamarck, 1819) in a Marine Reserve (RESEX Bay of Iguape), Bahia, Brazil

Abstract Mytella guyanensis, consumed and commercialized in coastal regions of Brazil, is one of several bivalve species of socioeconomic interest for coastal communities. Besides serving as a source of income and subsistence for these communities, it also contributes to their food security as it is a source of proteins and micronutrients. Thus, the reproductive cycle of this species was studied aiming to contribute to food security and its preservation. Samples were collected monthly, between March 2014 and March 2015, in a natural stock (12°38'50S; 38°51'43W) in a Marine Reserve (RESEX Bay of Iguape) (community Engenho da Ponte), Bahia, Brazil. Mytella guyanensis is collected by women on site, where the artisanal fishing of this resource is performed without following any specific handling procedure. Also, empirical evidence indicates overexploitation. The specimens collected were measured along the anterior-posterior axis (length), and after macroscopic analysis they were fixed in Davidson solution, processed by routine histology techniques and stained with Harris haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The macroscopic analysis showed sexual dimorphism, with the male and female gonads presenting a milky-white and orange colour, respectively. A 1:1 sex ratio (M: F) was observed and reproduction of the species was continuous all year round. March, April, July and August were the months with highest values of gamete elimination. We suggest that a M. guyanensis management plan should restrict capture during these months, in order to sustainably regulate exploitation of this food resource in this reserve.

Resumo Mytella guyanensis, consumida e comercializada em regiões litorâneas do Brasil, é uma das diversas espécies de bivalves de interesse socioeconômico para comunidades litorâneas. Além de servir como fonte de renda e subsistência para essas comunidades, esta contribui para a sua segurança alimentar, por ser fonte de proteínas e micronutrientes. Assim, o ciclo reprodutivo desta espécie foi estudado visando contribuir com a segurança alimentar e a preservação da mesma. As amostragens foram realizadas mensalmente, entre março de 2014 e março de 2015 em um estoque natural (12°38'50S e 38°51'43W) na Reserva Extrativista Marinha Baía do Iguape (comunidade Engenho da Ponte), Bahia. Mytella guyanensis é coletada no local por mulheres, onde a pesca artesanal desse recurso é realizada sem seguir nenhum procedimento específico de manejo e evidência empírica indica sobrexplotação. Os espécimes coletados foram medidos ao longo do eixo ântero-posterior (comprimento) e após a análise macroscópica, foram fixados em solução de Davidson, processados por técnicas rotineiras de histologia e coradas em hematoxilina de Harris e eosina (HE). A análise macroscópica evidenciou dimorfismo sexual, com as gônadas de machos e fêmeas apresentando coloração branco leitosa e alaranjada, respectivamente. Uma proporção sexual (M: F) de 1:1 foi observada e a reprodução foi contínua ao longo do ano. Março, abril, julho e agosto apresentaram os maiores valores de eliminação de gametas. Sugerimos que um plano de manejo de M. guyanensis restrinja a captura deste durante esses meses, a fim de regular de forma sustentável a exploração desse recurso nesta reserva.

Interacción de la 1-yodoclordecona como radiotrazador, con el grupo carboxilato en carbón activado / Interaction of 1-iodochlordecone, as radioactive tracer, with the carboxylate group on activated carbon

La clordecona es un compuesto organoclorado sintético, empleado como insecticida agrícola y clasificado como contaminante orgánico persistente de aguas y suelos por la Convención de Estocolmo. El uso de carbones activados es una metodología muy popular para la purificación de aguas contaminadas con contaminantes orgánicos persistentes. La clordecona marcada con yodo radiactivo (1-yodoclordecona) puede ser un radiotrazador adecuado para estudios de adsorción, de disponibilidad medioambiental y biodistribución de la clordecona. La selección del carbón activado más adecuado para la adsorción de clordecona requiere evaluar la eficiencia de una gran cantidad de los mismos, de manera empírica, lo que aumenta los costos de investigación. En el presente trabajo, un modelo simplificado de carbón activado con siete anillos aromáticos (coroneno) y un grupo funcional en el borde (carboxilato) se utilizó para evaluar in silico la influencia de este grupo superficial en la adsorción de la clordecona y la 1-yodoclordecona, bajo condiciones neutras de pH. Para ello se empleó la metodología de Hipersuperficie de Múltiples Mínimos con el hamiltoniano semiempírico PM7. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que para el carboxilato en medio neutro existen asociaciones significativas que sugieren quimisorción de la clordecona en el carbón activado. La 1-yodoclordecona se comporta de manera similar a la clordecona en su interacción con el carboxilato, por lo que constituye un buen candidato a radiotrazador para estudios experimentales.

Chlordecone is a synthetic organo chlorinated compound that has been used as pesticide. It has been identified and listed as persistent organic pollutant by the Stockholm Convention. The use of activated carbon filters is one of the most widely popular solutions for water decontamination. The chlordecone labeled with radioactive iodine (1-iodochordecone) is a potential radioactive tracer for studying adsorption, environmental availability and bio-distribution of chlordecone. The selection of the best suited activation carbon for this type of contaminants is mainly an empiric process, increasing the costs of research. A simplified activation carbon model, consisting of a seven ring graphene sheet with a functional group (carboxylate) was used to assess the interaction of chlordecone and 1-iodochlordecone with this surface group under neutral pH conditions over the adsorption process. The Multiple Minima Hypersurface methodology with the semiempirical Hamiltonian PM7 was used. The results indicate that for carboxylate, in neutral conditions, significant associations appear which suggest chemisorption in activated carbon. No significant differences were observed for the interactions of chlordecone and 1-iodochlordecone with carboxylate, making 1-iodochlordecone a good candidate as a radioactive tracer in medical research.

"Practice of ""Green Pharmacy"" concept in the pharmacy experimental teaching" / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Experiment of pharmacy will inevitably cause a waste of resources and environmental pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to explore some green teaching method in the experiment of pharma-ceutics. Based on the long-term teaching experience, this paper took the preparation of yiyuan powder, the cold fever granules and tables, and subing dropping as examples to compare the differences between the traditional teaching method and the green teaching method in the aspects of improving the basic operating skills, saving materials and reagents and using the micro experiments. The results showed that compared with the conventional teaching, green teaching method in pharmaceutics experiment process can significantly reduce the reagent and the amount of raw materials, so as to enables students to cultivate green, energy saving, environmental awareness while mastering the pharmaceutical theory and technology.

No caminho da proteção ambiental: Ações para a saúde humana e ambiente na população campesina do Pantanal Mato-grossense, Brasil / Towards environmental protection: actions to human and environment health in the peasant population of Pantanal in Mato Grosso - Brazil

Resumo Este artigo discute, a partir das transformações históricas ocorridas no território de uma população rural autodenominada Povo de Joselândia, no interior do Pantanal Mato-grossense, situada no entorno de uma área de proteção ambiental, as ações de políticas públicas em saúde humana e ambiente realizada na área, no período de 2003 a 2013. Tomando como ponto de ancoragem a territorialização e desterritorialização do campesino brasileiro, cotejamos a discussão sobre a ação estratégica das instituições envolvidas com a comunidade desde a instalação da Reserva do Patrimônio Natural Particular (RPPN), em 1997, e das políticas públicas federais, estaduais e municipais e sobre o papel da ciência na área. Os moradores foram alijados do processo de uso e manejo da terra. Em 2007 essa população foi classificada como comunidade tradicional e foi garantida por lei a sua reprodução cultural. No cotidiano da assistência à saúde humana, a disputa entre estado e município resultou numa ausência da assistência médica regular por longos períodos, ficando a assistência restrita à medicina popular. O papel das pesquisas científicas tem sido arbitrar o que e quem pode manejar os recursos naturais na área, inviabilizando o modo de vida campesino.

Abstract This article discusses from the historic environment transformation of a rural self-styled population of people from Joselândia, in the Pantanal, located in the vicinity of a protected area; the actions of public policies on human and environment health held in the area between 2003 and 2013. Considering the territorialization and deterritorialization of the Brazilian peasant population, we compare the discussion on strategic action of the institutions involved in the community since the installation of the Private Natural Heritage Reserve (PRNP) in 1997 and of federal and local public policies; and the scientific influence in the area. The locals were priced out of the use and land management process. It was classified as traditional and guaranteed by law to their cultural community in 2007. In the daily routine of human health assistance, the dispute between the state and local level resulted in a lack of regular medical care for long periods being restricted to folk medicine. The role of scientific research resumes arbitrating what and who can manage natural resources in the area, preventing the peasant life style.